The company was perceived to own and control all aspects of the trade. Rockefeller stated in 1910: "I think it is true that the Pratt family, the Payne–Whitney family (which were one, as all the stock came from Colonel Payne), the Harkness-Flagler family (which came into the company together) and the Rockefeller family controlled a majority of the stock during all the history of the company up to the present time. Defenders of Standard Oil insist that the company did not restrain trade; they were simply superior competitors. Ses investigations firent l'objet de dix-neuf articles publiés dans McClure's Magazine, entre novembre 1902 et octobre 1904, avant de reprendre l'ensemble dans un livre, The History of the Standard Oil Company (en) (1904). Devant leur évident refus, la Standard fait cesser tous les transports entre Titusville et le monde extérieur. Its successors such as ExxonMobil, Marathon Petroleum, Amoco, and Chevron are still among the companies with the largest revenues in the world. Toutefois il est arrivé que les manœuvres de Rockefeller échouent : lorsqu'en 1872, il investit dans la South Improvement Co., avec la perspective d'obtenir des rabais sur les tarifs de transport, et d'alourdir au contraire les frais de transport de ses concurrents ; l'affaire s'ébruita, et les petits producteurs exigèrent du parlement de Pennsylvanie l'annulation de la patente de South Improvement. The History of the Standard Oil Company . Pratique courante dans les affaires, une fraction importante des bénéfices était réinvestie aussitôt dans l'entreprise, plutôt que de tout verser aux actionnaires. [9], In the early years, John D. Rockefeller dominated the combine; he was the single most important figure in shaping the new oil industry. The loudest outcry was against trusts and monopolies. Three supermajor companies now own the rights to the Standard name in the United States: ExxonMobil, Chevron Corp., and BP. The committee counsel, Simon Sterne, questioned representatives from the Erie Railroad and the New York Central Railroad and discovered that at least half of their long-haul traffic granted rebates, and that much of this traffic came from Standard Oil. Use synthetic oils for high-end cars or extreme conditions. Some analysts argue that the breakup was beneficial to consumers in the long run, and no one has ever proposed that Standard Oil be reassembled in pre-1911 form. Hogarth, The History of The Standard Oil Company by Ida M. Tarbell (Chapter 6), Fistion . The lawsuit argued that Standard's monopolistic practices had taken place over the preceding four years: The general result of the investigation has been to disclose the existence of numerous and flagrant discriminations by the railroads in behalf of the Standard Oil Co. and its affiliated corporations. Standard Oil dominated the oil products market initially through horizontal integration in the refining sector, then, in later years vertical integration; the company was an innovator in the development of the business trust. En 1870, Rockefeller créa la Standard Oil of Ohio, société par actions au capital de 1 million de dollars. In 1931, Socony merged with Vacuum Oil Co., an industry pioneer dating back to 1866, and a growing Standard Oil spin-off in its own right.[52]. carlylehold has uploaded 16382 photos to Flickr. April, 1903. One of 15 Chevron stations branded as "Standard" to protect Chevron's trademark; this one is in Las Vegas, Nevada. "[24], These families reinvested most of the dividends in other industries, especially railroads. (Sketch from life by John Varian). Standard Oil, being formed well before the discovery of the Spindletop oil field (in Texas, far from Standard Oil's base in the Midwest) and a demand for oil other than for heat and light, was well placed to control the growth of the oil business. A very rare copy of this, the first appearance of Cutting to Kill, Chapter 3 of Part 2 of Ida Tarbell's ground-breaking History of the Standard Oil Company. Mei Ping ("Beautiful Tranquility"), launched in 1927, was designed offshore, but assembled and finished in Shanghai. Dans les premières années, John D. Rockefeller dominait au sein du groupe d'actionnaires, car il était celui qui connaissait le mieux l'industrie encore balbutiante des produits pétroliers[3]. "The Later History of the Standard Oil Co.,", This page was last edited on 5 February 2021, at 17:06. Pour contourner les lois de l'état visant à limiter la taille des sociétés, Rockefeller et ses associés surent développer des stratégies de gestion innovantes leur permettant de conserver le contrôle d'une entreprise en pleine croissance : ils multiplièrent les filiales, qui étaient autant de faux-nez de la Standard Oil ; puis en 1882, ils regroupèrent ces sociétés dispersées à travers une douzaine d'états américains en un conseil d'administration unique : au terme d'une entente, les trente-sept actionnaires de ces sociétés étaient convenus de donner pouvoir « in trust » à un directoire de neuf syndics, à savoir : John et William Rockefeller, Oliver H. Payne, Charles Pratt, Henry Flagler, John D. Archbold, William G. Warden, Jabez Bostwick, et Benjamin Brewster[5]. "The Rise and Supremacy of the Standard Oil Co.,", Montague, Gilbert Holland. Some economic historians have observed that Standard Oil was in the process of losing its monopoly at the time of its breakup in 1911. Since the breakup of Standard Oil, several companies, such as General Motors and Microsoft, have come under antitrust investigation for being inherently too large for market competition; however, most of them remained together. Other vessels included Mei Chuen, Mei Foo, Mei Hung, Mei Kiang, Mei Lu, Mei Tan, Mei Su, Mei Xia, Mei Ying, and Mei Yun. A. Barton Hepburn was directed by the New York State Legislature in 1879, to investigate the railroads' practice of giving rebates within the state. nécessaire]. In the early 1900s, after Mr. Rockefeller had retired from Standard, the muckraking journalist Ida Tarbell published a series of articles in McClure’s magazine. Some economists believe that Standard Oil was not a monopoly, and also argue that the intense free market competition resulted in cheaper oil prices and more diverse petroleum products. No oil was ever shipped under this arrangement. Udo Hielscher: Historische amerikanische Aktien, p. 68 - 74, sept principales sociétés pétrolières mondiales, Consolidated Gas Company of New York City, Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States, https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_Oil&oldid=178393634, Compagnie pétrolière ayant son siège aux États-Unis, Article contenant un appel à traduction en anglais, licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions, comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence, Southwest Pennsylvania Pipe Lines Company, Standard Oil of California → Chevron → ChevronTexaco →, Standard Oil of Kansas → Stanolid → Amoco → BPAmoco →, Standard Oil (Company) of New York → Socony →. Scolded the railroads for their rebate policies and cited Standard Oil Trust was controlled by a group! Refer to your manual for your car Oil, owned or controlled 90 percent of production and 85 of... De familles Zelienople, Pennsylvania selling Exxon gasoline and `` Esso Diesel '' on... 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